Week 1: 本學期課程的進行方式

1. 本課程之作業部落格
　 修課同學繳交作業的平台, 請所有修課的同學務必於 3 月 4 日以前完成共同作者的設定。
　 本周沒有出席的同學, 請於本篇文章回應留下email, 我會寄出邀請函給你設定。

2. 本學期的指定閱讀

　a. 數位時代雜誌
　
　　

　　本課程修課同學專屬優惠訂閱價格
　　一年12期《數位時代》= 644 元 (平均每期54元, 無贈品)

　　雜誌訂閱單已經放到 Google Docs 中, 並已發出邀請函讓同學自行輸入訂閱資料。

　b. 以下兩本書籍, 請至少選擇一本閱讀:
　　 並繳交一篇讀書心得報告。

　　

　　
　

News: 中國攻擊 Google 駭客 來自解放軍創設學校

〔自由時報記者 張沛元編譯 紐約時報十九日報導 原始新聞連結〕

調查人員表示，Google 與數十家美商企業日前所遭遇的網路攻擊，經循線追蹤指向中國兩所大專院校的電腦，分別是上海交通大學與山東藍翔高級技工學校，其中山東藍翔也為解放軍培養電腦人才。

山東藍翔被指掩護特務

調查人員表示，這一連串以竊取商業機密、電腦密碼及中國維權人士電郵為目的的駭客攻擊，可能始於去年四月，意即攻擊時間起點比原本認定的還要早。Google 在今年一月表示遭到中國駭客攻擊後，包括來自美國國家安全局的電腦安全專家，便展開調查盼能揪出攻擊源頭。

隨著調查工作深入推展，從一家也遭遇類似攻擊的美軍承包商所取得的證據，讓調查人員對山東藍翔技校由一名烏克蘭教授講授的特殊電腦課程起疑。

上海交大在電腦科學的學術表現向來優異，該校學生數週前才在一場由 IBM 主辦的國際性電腦程式競賽中，擊敗來自美國史丹福等頂尖名校菁英奪冠。

至於藍翔技校是在解放軍的協助下創設，該校的電腦網路由一家與中國主要搜尋引擎「百度」有關的公司負責管理，而百度是 Google 在中國市場的競爭對手之一。

上海交通大學也遭點名

對於入侵 Google 等美商企業的駭客顯然來自學校而非中國軍方或政府單位，電腦安全界與歐巴馬政府的分析師有不同見解。部份分析師認為，山東藍翔本就是中國政府特務的掩護機構，但其他電腦業高層與前政府官員卻說，山東藍翔有可能是掩護第三國情報任務的「假旗幟機構」。

上海交大表示，沒聽說美國調查人員循線追蹤到該校電腦；倘若調查結果屬實，會通知相關單位並展開自行調查。上海交大資訊安全工程學院的一名不願曝光的知名教授透露，倘若該校確實涉案，他也不意外，因為學生上網駭入外國網站是很平常的事。

山東藍翔也沒聽說過該校電腦與駭客攻擊有關，同時不願說明該校是否有開設電腦課程的烏克蘭教授。藍翔計算機系不願透露全名的邵姓（譯音）系主任表示，該校學生程度沒有好到能當駭客。但邵主任也坦承，計算機系每年有四或五名學生獲軍方延攬加入解放軍。
　

News: Two Chinese Schools Said to Be Tied to Online Attacks

James C. Mulvenon said the Chinese government often used volunteer “patriotic hackers” to support its policies.

By JOHN MARKOFF and DAVID BARBOZA
Published: February 18, 2010
Original Link

SAN FRANCISCO — A series of online attacks on Google and dozens of other American corporations have been traced to computers at two educational institutions in China, including one with close ties to the Chinese military, say people involved in the investigation.

They also said the attacks, aimed at stealing trade secrets and computer codes and capturing e-mail of Chinese human rights activists, may have begun as early as April, months earlier than previously believed. Google announced on Jan. 12 that it and other companies had been subjected to sophisticated attacks that probably came from China.

Computer security experts, including investigators from the National Security Agency, have been working since then to pinpoint the source of the attacks. Until recently, the trail had led only to servers in Taiwan.

If supported by further investigation, the findings raise as many questions as they answer, including the possibility that some of the attacks came from China but not necessarily from the Chinese government, or even from Chinese sources.

Tracing the attacks further back, to an elite Chinese university and a vocational school, is a breakthrough in a difficult task. Evidence acquired by a United States military contractor that faced the same attacks as Google has even led investigators to suspect a link to a specific computer science class, taught by a Ukrainian professor at the vocational school.

The revelations were shared by the contractor at a meeting of computer security specialists.

The Chinese schools involved are Shanghai Jiaotong University (上海交通大學) and the Lanxiang Vocational School (山東藍翔高級技工學校) , according to several people with knowledge of the investigation who asked for anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the inquiry.

Jiaotong has one of China’s top computer science programs. Just a few weeks ago its students won an international computer programming competition organized by I.B.M. — the “Battle of the Brains” — beating out Stanford and other top-flight universities.

Lanxiang, in east China’s Shandong Province, is a huge vocational school that was established with military support and trains some computer scientists for the military. The school’s computer network is operated by a company with close ties to Baidu, the dominant search engine in China and a competitor of Google.

Within the computer security industry and the Obama administration, analysts differ over how to interpret the finding that the intrusions appear to come from schools instead of Chinese military installations or government agencies. Some analysts have privately circulated a document asserting that the vocational school is being used as camouflage for government operations. But other computer industry executives and former government officials said it was possible that the schools were cover for a “false flag” intelligence operation being run by a third country. Some have also speculated that the hacking could be a giant example of criminal industrial espionage, aimed at stealing intellectual property from American technology firms.

Independent researchers who monitor Chinese information warfare caution that the Chinese have adopted a highly distributed approach to online espionage, making it almost impossible to prove where an attack originated.

“We have to understand that they have a different model for computer network exploit operations,” said James C. Mulvenon, a Chinese military specialist and a director at the Center for Intelligence Research and Analysis in Washington. Rather than tightly compartmentalizing online espionage within agencies as the United States does, he said, the Chinese government often involves volunteer “patriotic hackers” to support its policies.

Spokesmen for the Chinese schools said they had not heard that American investigators had traced the Google attacks to their campuses.

If it is true, “We’ll alert related departments and start our own investigation,” said Liu Yuxiang, head of the propaganda department of the party committee at Jiaotong University in Shanghai.

But when asked about the possibility, a leading professor in Jiaotong’s School of Information Security Engineering said in a telephone interview: “I’m not surprised. Actually students hacking into foreign Web sites is quite normal.” The professor, who teaches Web security, asked not to be named for fear of reprisal.

“I believe there’s two kinds of situations,” the professor continued. “One is it’s a completely individual act of wrongdoing, done by one or two geek students in the school who are just keen on experimenting with their hacking skills learned from the school, since the sources in the school and network are so limited. Or it could be that one of the university’s I.P. addresses was hijacked by others, which frequently happens.”

At Lanxiang Vocational, officials said they had not heard about any possible link to the school and declined to say if a Ukrainian professor taught computer science there.

A man named Mr. Shao, who said he was dean of the computer science department at Lanxiang but refused to give his first name, said, “I think it’s impossible for our students to hack Google or other U.S. companies because they are just high school graduates and not at an advanced level. Also, because our school adopts close management, outsiders cannot easily come into our school.”

Mr. Shao acknowledged that every year four or five students from his computer science department were recruited into the military.

Google’s decision to step forward and challenge China over the intrusions has created a highly sensitive issue for the United States government. Shortly after the company went public with its accusations, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton challenged the Chinese in a speech on Internet censors, suggesting that the country’s efforts to control open access to the Internet were in effect an information-age Berlin Wall.

A report on Chinese online warfare prepared for the U.S.-China Economic Security Review Commission in October 2009 by Northrop Grumman identified six regions in China with military efforts to engage in such attacks. Jinan, site of the vocational school, was one of the regions.

Executives at Google have said little about the intrusions and would not comment for this article. But the company has contacted computer security specialists to confirm what has been reported by other targeted companies: access to the companies’ servers was gained by exploiting a previously unknown flaw in Microsoft’s Internet Explorer Web browser.

Forensic analysis is yielding new details of how the intruders took advantage of the flaw to gain access to internal corporate servers. They did this by using a clever technique — called man-in-the-mailbox — to exploit the natural trust shared by people who work together in organizations.

After taking over one computer, intruders insert into an e-mail conversation a message containing a digital attachment carrying malware that is highly likely to be opened by the second victim. The attached malware makes it possible for the intruders to take over the target computer.

John Markoff reported from San Francisco and David Barboza from Shanghai. Bao Beibei and Chen Xiaoduan in Shanghai contributed research.

News: Google Buzz 社交服務 疑洩個資挨批

（中央社台北 11 日電 李威翰 譯 原始新聞連結）

推出才 1 天，Google 新社交服務 Buzz 已引發隱私疑慮。爭議焦點在於 Buzz 會建立用戶在 Gmail 中最常聯繫或聊天的連絡人名單，並自動追蹤這些人，更把名單公開，意味陌生人也能看見 Buzz 用戶和哪些人有聯絡。Silicon Alley Sinder 網站昨天點出這個問題：「試想...妻子發現丈夫和前女友書信往返和聊天；老闆發現下屬與競爭對手高層的密函。」

Buzz 要求用戶建立公開帳戶資料後才能發文，並允許用戶選擇是否隱藏追蹤和被追蹤名單。不過，Buzz 的預設是要公開這些資訊，只有按下「編輯」鈕，才能看見選擇不（被）追蹤的選項，意味新用戶與其他人有關的資訊可能被公開而渾然不覺。Google Buzz 服務類似大受歡迎的 Facebook 和推特（Twitter）等社交網站。
　

Geegle Buzz